Habitat:

It grows in tropical and subtropical regions of south and southeast asis.it can be found in open forests, scrublands, wastelands and along roadsides.

Flowering season:

White flowers arise on green spikes from January to April.

Fruiting season:

It fruits typically during the wInter months, specifically from December to June.

Climatic conditions:

It prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 700-1700 mm, but tolerates 500- 4200 mm and temperature 20-27 °C, but can tolerate 12-32 °C. It can also be cultivated as an intercrop in coconut plantations and rubber plantations in the initial 3-4 years.

Seed propagation:

Seed propagation is restricted due to low seed set and germination rate

Parts used:

The leaves, roots, flowers, and bark of this plant have been used in cough, colds, asthma, liquefy sputum, bronchodilator, bronchial catarrh, bronchitis, and tuberculosis. The parts of the plant are commonly used in the forms of decoction or powder.